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The Siege of Lisbon, from July 1 to October 25, 1147, was the military action that brought the city of Lisbon under definitive Portuguese control and expelled its Moorish overlords. The Siege of Lisbon was one of the few Christian victories of the Second Crusade—it was "the only success of the universal operation undertaken by the pilgrim army," i.e. the Second Crusade, according to the near contemporary historian Helmold,〔C. W. David, "The Authorship of the ''De Expugnatione Lyxbonensi''", ''Speculum'', 7:1 (1932), 50, citing Helmold's ''Chronica Slavorum'' in ''MGH'', Scriptores, 11, 58: ''Hoc solum prospere cessit de universo opere, quod peregrinus patravit exercitus''.〕 though others have questioned whether it was really part of that crusade.〔West, 2013〕 It is seen as a pivotal battle of the wider ''Reconquista''. The Fall of Edessa in 1144 led to a call for a new crusade by Pope Eugene III in 1145 and 1146. In the spring of 1147, the Pope authorized the crusade in the Iberian peninsula. He also authorized Alfonso VII of León and Castile to equate his campaigns against the Moors with the rest of the Second Crusade. In May 1147, a contingent of crusaders left from Dartmouth in England. They had intended to sail directly to the Holy Land, but weather forced the ships to stop on the Portuguese coast, at the northern city of Porto on June 16, 1147. There they were convinced to meet with King Afonso I of Portugal. The crusaders agreed to help the King attack Lisbon, with a solemn agreement that offered to the crusaders the pillage of the city's goods and the ransom money for expected prisoners. The siege began on July 1. After four months, the Moorish rulers agreed to surrender on October 24, primarily because of hunger within the city. Most of the crusaders settled in the newly captured city, but some of the crusaders set sail and continued to the Holy Land. Lisbon eventually became the capital city of the Kingdom of Portugal, in 1255. ==Second Crusade== The traditional start of the Reconquista is identified with the defeat of the Muslims in the Battle of Covadonga in 722.〔see Riley-Smith (1990) p.32.〕 After the First Crusade in 1095-1099, Pope Paschal II urged Iberian crusaders (Portuguese, Castilians, Leonese, Aragonese, and others) to remain at home, where their own warfare was considered just as worthy as that of crusaders travelling to Jerusalem.〔Helen J. Nicholson, ''The Crusades'' (2004) "''After the First Crusade (1095-99) Pope Paschal II decided that those who fought the Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula should have their penance remitted, just as if they had gone to Jerusalem.''" p.26〕 The Fall of Edessa in 1144 led to a call for a new crusade by Pope Eugene III in 1145 and 1146. In the spring of 1147, the Pope also authorized a crusade in the Iberian peninsula, where "the war against the Moors had been going on for hundreds of years."〔Douglas L. Wheeler, Walter C. Opello (2010) "''In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henrique's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war.''" p.7〕 Pope Eugene encouraged Marseilles, Pisa, Genoa, and other Mediterranean cities to fight in Iberia. He also authorized Alfonso VII of León and Castile to equate his campaigns against the Moors with the rest of the Second Crusade.〔Riley-Smith (1990) p.48〕 On May 19, 1147, a contingent of crusaders left from Dartmouth in England, consisting of Flemish, Frisian, Norman, English, and Scottish crusaders, and some from Cologne,〔Cologne was allied with London in the incipient wool trade: see Steelyard.〕 who collectively considered themselves "Franks".〔This is the expression consistently used in the eye-witness chronicle of the siege, ''De expugnatione Lyxbonensi'', attributed in the sixteenth century to "Osbernus". The ms, titled "Historia Osberni" by a sixteenth-century annotator, is in the form of a letter, with a superscription "Osb. de Baldr. R salutem" that C. R. Cheney read as ''to'' "Osberto de Baldreseie" i.e. Bawdsley, Suffolk, from a certain "R."; see 〕 No prince or king was in charge of the expedition, and its participants seem to have been largely made up of townsmen, who organised themselves using a sworn oath.〔 Leadership was provided by Henry Glanville, Constable of Suffolk.〔Runciman (1951), p. 258.〕〔Henry was a kinsman of Ranulf de Glanvill of Suffolk, Chief Justiciar of England under Henry II; the Norman name derives from Glanville, near Lisieux (''DNB'', ''s.v.'' "Ranulf de Glanvill").〕 Other crusader captains included Arnold III of Aerschot, Christian of Ghistelles, Simon of Dover, Andrew of London, and Saher of Archelle,〔Phillips (2007), p. 143.〕 but important decisions were taken collectively. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Siege of Lisbon」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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